Low salaries and lack of salary increases. Most of the people may not face any salary increase for 2-3 years at this moment. Salary increases aren't tied to the actual grade of the specialist. Thus, you as a specialist can go through an assessment, become a senior engineer and maybe in the next year the manager will decide that this is the time to increase the salary. I know that there are financial issues in the company, but from my perspective, it is not a good strategy to make your underpaid specialists leave the company and hire new ones from the market for the actual price. Underpaid specialists are less likely would have the motivation to make a great product for the final customer, and more likely to leave the company ASAP if there's another company with the relevant position and with a competitive salary. I have a feeling that the company is using the specialists for underpaid salaries because the relocation process is hard, people have relocated with spouses, families, etc. and agree with that because people weren't able to change the company in Turkiye
Also, I know several people who were fired when the project ended instead of going to the bench
In Izmir, we as a relocated people have faced several issues regarding the legalization process in Turkiye. Thankfully, as I know there is some work permit processes have started (after 1.5y being in the country!).
No relocation in good countries rn if you're lower by grade than a senior or if the project wants to move you (which is less likely)